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Action-specific perception
Action-specific perception, or perception-action, is a psychological theory that people perceive their environment and events within it in terms of their ability to act.〔Witt, J. K. (2011). Action's effect on perception. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science''.〕〔Proffitt, D. R. (2006). Embodied perception and the economy of action. ''Perspectives on Psychological Science''.〕 For example, softball players who are hitting better see the ball as bigger.〔Witt, J. K., & Proffitt, D.R. (2005). See the ball, hit the ball: Apparent ball size is correlated with batting average. ''Psychological Science'', ''16'', 937-938.〕 Tennis players see the ball as moving slower when they successfully return the ball.〔Witt, J. K., & Sugovic, M. (2010). Performance and ease influence perceived speed. ''Perception, 39'', 1341-1353.〕 Furthermore, the perceiver’s intention to act is also critical; while the perceiver’s ability to perform the intended action influences perception, the perceiver’s abilities for unintended actions have little or no effect on perception.〔Witt, J. K., Proffitt, D. R., & Epstein, W. (2010). How and when does action scale perception? ''Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 36'', 1153-1160.〕
==Overview==
Action-specific effects have been documented in a variety of contexts and with a variety of manipulations.〔Witt, J. K. (2011). Action's effect on perception. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science''.〕 The original work was done on perceived slant of hills and perceived distance to targets. Hills look steeper and targets look farther away when wearing a heavy backpack.〔Bhalla, M., & Proffitt, D. R. (1999). Visual-Motor recalibration in geographical slant perception. ‘’Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception & Performance, 25’’, 1076-1096.〕〔Proffitt, D.R., Stefanucci, J., Banton, T., & Epstein, W. (2003). The role of effort in perceiving distance. ‘’Psychological Science, 14’’, 106-112.〕 In addition to walking, many other actions influence perception such as throwing, jumping, falling, reaching, grasping, kicking, hitting, blocking, and swimming. In addition to perceived slant and perceived distance, other aspects of perception are influenced by ability such as size, shape, height, and speed. These results have been documented in athletes such as softball players, golfers, tennis players, swimmers, and people skilled in parkour.
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